No chemical reaction or energy transfer process can take place without electrons, as they are responsible for forming and breaking chemical bonds. Therefore, to control and manipulate chemical ...

Catalytic hydrogen production has emerged as a cornerstone in the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions. Central to this endeavour is the effective management of electron transfer processes that ...

Fig. 1 The dielectric response models for conventional dielectric materials and for metamaterials. For conventional dielectric materials, there are three types of polarization models: Drude model for ...